Landfills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Landfills - Essay Example This paper includes the history and development of property type of landfills in Australia. The story of how the Australian comes up with this method is also discussed in this paper. The development and application of various methods for this property type is also described. This paper shows the comparison of landfills in Australia with other countries such as the USA, Canada and New Zealand. Graphs and tables are included in this study as your reference about landfills in Australia. The management of wastes is an important environmental issue. Some wastes are toxic and can harm living organisms and their disposal is of particular importance. Other wastes, while not directly toxic, can physically harm the environment. Effective maintenance of waste can help us a lot. Landfills were introduced in England in 1912. It was formerly called as the Controlled Tipping and involves natural fermentation brought about by microorganisms. Waste materials or refuse are deposited in shallow layer, compacted and covered within 24 hours with earth or other chemically inert material from an effective seal. (Britannica, 2006). United States of America and New Zealand are among the countries that use landfills and experienced controversy in using landfills as waste management. Below are some details about the history and development of landfills in both countries. United States of America At the end of World War II, urban growth accelerated. With this growth came increased refuse generation. The impacts of open-burning dumps on public health became a concern. Experience in the military with sanitary fill methods and the interests by some local governments in eliminating open dumps led to increased efforts to dispose of refuse in a sanitary manner, but what prescribed a sanitary manner was unknown. Many local governments that bragged about using the "sanitary landfill" method were actually using modified open dumps. The landfill in 1940 was described in a report prepared by the Sanitary Engineering Research Project of the University of California in 1952.1 The landfill studied in 1949 was described as a refuse dropped and spread out over a large to allow scavengers easy access. At the end of day pigs were allowed on the spread-out refuse for overnight feeding. It is in this year that the landfills made their appearance. Most of the landfills were located on former wetlands. This 1 Sanitary Engineering Research Project. "An Analysis of Refuse Collection and Sanitary Landfill Disposal." practice does not take long and was subjected to change because of obvious reasons. Open burning of refuse created air pollution. Allowing the pig to eat raw garbage was not a sanitary . During this time there were no minimum requirements set as to what constituted a sanitary landfill. Like the landfills in Australia, most of the landfills in USA where also subjected to closure because of the following reasons; it can cause air pollution, the leak is unsafe for the residents that surrounds the area, groundwater contamination and others that affect the health of the people. The commitment of the US Public Health Service (USPHS) to provide national leadership to eliminate open-burning dumps and replace them with sanitary landfills also served as the basis for a broader national strategy to improve the management

Partnership approach in providing safer communities Essay

Partnership approach in providing safer communities - Essay Example Since in so providing safer communities, partnerships must be evaluated on the basis of minimized violence or potential sources of violence, this paper will also attempt to provide statistical analysis which will profile the role violence plays in the relation with the night time economy. The paper will therefore formulate a conclusion and recommendations that would either support the continuation or abolition of these partnerships. 2.1 Are these statutory and voluntary agencies including probation, health, local authorities, and police really working in partnership to provide safer communities? What is the proof, if any, to show that communities are now safer after the partnership or partnerships? The answer here of course is in the affirmative. In fact partnerships in crime prevention at UK are created by law. Maldon District Community Safety Strategy (2005 – 2008) reported Essex Police Crime Reduction Targets 2005-08 to prove its accomplishments as follows: During 2002-2005 overall crime fell in the Maldon District. Thefts from motor vehicles reduced by 63% and reports of domestic violence fell by 24%. However, criminal damage increased 56% and theft of motor vehicles by 77%. Historically, the District has not suffered from large numbers of vehicle thefts and the large percentage increase must be considered against that background with thefts rising from 95 to 170 in the past 12 months. High value cars have been targeted by displaced thieves believed to be operating in the District following successful campaigns to reduce car thefts in neighbouring areas. Maldon District Council (n.d.) represents itself as a partner Responsible Authorities Group (RAG) which actually includes the following: Essex Police – Division, Essex Police Authority, Maldon District Council, Essex Fire Service, Essex County Council and Maldon PCT. Steering Group includes member of the RAG and representatives, drawn from many statutory and voluntary organisations operating in